Includes bibliographical references (pages 230-243) and index.

-- Preface xi -- Acknowledgements xiii -- Dedication xv -- Part I INTRODUCTION TO GREEN NETWORKS -- 1 Green Network Fundamentals 3 -- 1.1 Introduction: Need for Green Networks 3 -- 1.2 Traffic Models 5 -- 1.2.1 Traffic Spatial Fluctuation Modelling 6 -- 1.2.2 Traffic Temporal Fluctuation Modelling 8 -- 1.3 Energy Efficiency and Consumption Models in Wireless Networks 9 -- 1.3.1 Throughput Models 9 -- 1.3.2 Power Consumption Models 10 -- 1.3.3 Energy Efficiency and Consumption Models 19 -- 1.4 Performance Trade-Offs 23 -- 1.4.1 Network-side Trade-Offs 24 -- 1.4.2 Mobile User Trade-Offs 26 -- 1.5 Summary 28 -- 2 Green Network Solutions 29 -- 2.1 Green Solutions and Analytical Models at Low and/or Bursty Call Traffic Loads 29 -- 2.1.1 Dynamic Planning 29 -- 2.1.2 MT Radio Interface Sleep Scheduling 34 -- 2.1.3 Discussion 37 -- 2.2 Green Solutions and Analytical Models at High and/or Continuous Call Traffic Loads 38 -- 2.2.1 Scheduling for Single-Network Access 38 -- 2.2.2 Scheduling for Multi-Homing Access 41 -- 2.2.3 Scheduling with Small-Cells 41 -- 2.2.4 Relaying and Device-to-Device Communications 42 -- 2.2.5 Scheduling with Multiple Energy Sources 45 -- 2.2.6 Discussion 47 -- 2.3 Green Projects and Standards 48 -- 2.4 Road Ahead 49 -- 2.5 Summary 52 -- Part II MULTI-HOMING RESOURCE ALLOCATION -- 3 Green Multi-homing Approach 55 -- 3.1 Heterogeneous Wireless Medium 55 -- 3.1.1 Wireless Networks 56 -- 3.1.2 Mobile Terminals 57 -- 3.1.3 Radio Resources and Propagation Attenuation 57 -- 3.2 Green Multi-homing Resource Allocation 58 -- 3.3 Challenging Issues 60 -- 3.3.1 Single-User versus Multiuser System 60 -- 3.3.2 Single-Operator versus Multioperator System 60 -- 3.3.3 Fairness 61 -- 3.3.4 Centralized versus Decentralized Implementation 61 -- 3.3.5 In-device Coexistence Interference 62 -- 3.3.6 Computational Complexity 66 -- 3.3.7 Number of MT Radio Interfaces versus Number of Available Networks 67 -- 3.4 Summary 69 -- 4 Multi-homing for a Green Downlink 70 -- 4.1 Introduction 70.

4.2 Win / Win Cooperative Green Resource Allocation 72 -- 4.2.1 Non-cooperative Single-Network Solution 73 -- 4.2.2 Win / Win Cooperative Solution 75 -- 4.2.3 Benchmark: Sum Minimization Solution 81 -- 4.2.4 Performance Evaluation 81 -- 4.3 IDC Interference-Aware Green Resource Allocation 86 -- 4.3.1 IDC Interference-Aware Resource Allocation Design 87 -- 4.3.2 Performance Evaluation 90 -- 4.4 Summary 93 -- 5 Multi-homing for a Green Uplink 94 -- 5.1 Introduction 94 -- 5.2 Green Multi-homing Uplink Resource Allocation for Data Calls 95 -- 5.2.1 Optimal Green Uplink Radio Resource Allocation with QoS Guarantee 97 -- 5.2.2 Suboptimal Uplink Energy-Efficient Radio Resource Allocation 102 -- 5.2.3 Performance Evaluation 104 -- 5.3 Green Multi-homing Uplink Resource Allocation for Video Calls 107 -- 5.3.1 Energy Management Sub-system Design 109 -- 5.3.2 Performance Evaluation 114 -- 5.4 Summary 117 -- 6 Radio Frequency and Visible Light Communication Internetworking 119 -- 6.1 Introduction 119 -- 6.2 VLC Fundamentals 120 -- 6.2.1 VLC Transceivers 120 -- 6.2.2 VLC Channel 122 -- 6.2.3 Interference Issues in VLC 124 -- 6.2.4 VLC / RF Internetworking 126 -- 6.3 Green RF / VLC Internetworking 128 -- 6.3.1 Energy Efficiency Maximization 129 -- 6.3.2 Performance Evaluation 133 -- 6.3.3 Green VLC / RF Internetworking Challenging Issues 137 -- 6.4 Summary 138 -- Part III NETWORK MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS -- 7 Dynamic Planning in Green Networks 141 -- 7.1 Introduction 141 -- 7.2 Dynamic Planning with Dense Small-Cell Deployment 142 -- 7.2.1 Energy-Efficient and QoS-Aware Cell Zooming 144 -- 7.2.2 Performance Evaluation 145 -- 7.3 Dynamic Planning with Cooperative Networking 148 -- 7.3.1 Optimal Resource On / Off Switching Framework 150 -- 7.3.2 Performance Evaluation 152 -- 7.4 Balanced Dynamic Planning Approach 154 -- 7.4.1 Two-Timescale Approach 157 -- 7.4.2 Performance Evaluation 162 -- 7.5 Summary 164 -- 8 Greening the Cell Edges 166 -- 8.1 Introduction 166 -- 8.1.1 Why Cell-on-Edge Deployment? 167.

8.1.2 Background Work 168 -- 8.2 Two-Tier Small-Cell-on-Edge Deployment 169 -- 8.2.1 Network Layout 169 -- 8.2.2 Bandwidth Partition and Channel Allocation 170 -- 8.2.3 Mobile User Distribution 171 -- 8.3 Energy-Aware Transmission Design 171 -- 8.3.1 Path-Loss Model for Strong LOS Conditions 171 -- 8.3.2 Composite Fading Channel for Strong LOS Conditions 172 -- 8.4 Area Spectral Efficiency of HetNets 173 -- 8.5 Analytical Bounds on ASE of HetNets 176 -- 8.5.1 Mean Achievable Capacity Based on MGF Approach 176 -- 8.5.2 Assumptions to Derive Upper and Lower Bounds 177 -- 8.5.3 Analytical Bounds on the Capacity of Macro-cell Network 179 -- 8.5.4 Analytical Bounds on the Capacity of Small-Cell Networks 180 -- 8.6 Analytical Bounds on ASE over Generalized-K Fading Channel 181 -- 8.7 Energy Analysis of HetNets 183 -- 8.7.1 Energy Consumption of Two-Tier HetNets 184 -- 8.7.2 Energy Savings of Two-Tier HetNets 184 -- 8.8 Ecology and Economics of HetNets 185 -- 8.8.1 CO2e Emissions and Reduction in CO2e Emissions 186 -- 8.8.2 Daily CO2e Emissions Profile 186 -- 8.8.3 Low-Carbon Economy 186 -- 8.9 Summary 188 -- Appendix A - Simulation Parameters 189 -- Appendix B - Proof of (8.38) 189 -- 9 D2D Communications in Hierarchical HetNets 191 -- 9.1 Introduction 191 -- 9.2 Modelling Hierarchical Heterogeneous Networks 192 -- 9.2.1 Network Architecture 193 -- 9.2.2 D2D User Density in Hierarchical HetNets 194 -- 9.2.3 Spectrum Partitioning in Hierarchical HetNets 196 -- 9.2.4 Power Control over D2D Links 196 -- 9.3 Spectral Efficiency Analysis 197 -- 9.3.1 Traditional HetNet 197 -- 9.3.2 Hierarchical HetNet 198 -- 9.4 Average User Transmission Power Analysis 200 -- 9.4.1 Discussion on Transmission Power Analysis of D2D Users 202 -- 9.5 Backhaul Energy Analysis 204 -- 9.5.1 Backhaul Power Consumption 204 -- 9.5.2 Backhaul Energy Efficiency 205 -- 9.5.3 Considerations on Backhaul Energy Efficiency of Hierarchical HetNet 206 -- 9.6 Summary 208 -- Appendix A 209 -- Appendix B - Simulation Parameters 210.

10 Emerging Device-Centric Communications 211 -- 10.1 Introduction 211 -- 10.2 Emerging Device-Centric Paradigms 212 -- 10.2.1 Device-to-Device Communication Management 213 -- 10.2.2 Device-to-Device Communication Architecture 213 -- 10.2.3 Device-to-Device Communication Challenges 214 -- 10.3 Devices-to-Device Communications 214 -- 10.3.1 System Model 214 -- 10.4 Optimal Selection of Source Devices and Radio Interfaces 216 -- 10.4.1 Device Selection Criteria 217 -- 10.4.2 Ascending Proxy Auction for Device Selection 218 -- 10.4.3 Discussions on Device and Radio Interface Selection 219 -- 10.5 Optimal Packet Split among Devices 221 -- 10.6 Green Analysis of Mobile Devices 224 -- 10.6.1 Energy Consumption of Mobile Devices 225 -- 10.6.2 Electricity Cost for Mobile Charging 226 -- 10.6.3 Battery Life of Mobile Devices 227 -- 10.7 Some Challenges and Future Directions 228 -- 10.7.1 Centralized Ds2D Set-up 228 -- 10.7.2 Decentralized Ds2D Set-up 228 -- 10.8 Summary 229 -- References 230 -- Index 245.

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